December 2025 Issue
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Is Life Imprisonment Without Remission a ‘Fourth Category’ of Punishment?
Life imprisonment without remission is a penal sentence in which the convict remains incarcerated for their entire natural life, without the possibility of release. This form of punishment is problematic for several reasons. It raises significant human rights concerns, as it deprives individuals of any hope for release, which can be considered inhumane and degrading.…
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The Oxygen Divide: Why India’s Air Pollution is a Crisis of Inequality | Shivanshu K. Srivastava writes for Virtuosity Legal
Abstract Air pollution in India has transitioned from a seasonal environmental concern into a systemic violation of constitutional equality, where the “right to breathe” is increasingly determined by socio-economic status. While judicial interpretation has long recognised the right to a clean environment under Article 21, a significant jurisprudential gap persists regarding the disparate impact of…
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SARAL or Secrecy? How the DPDP Rules Change RTI’s Promise
Imagine filing an RTI to understand why your local authority denied you a benefit, only to be told that the relevant file is now “personal data” and cannot be shared. That is the quiet shift India woke up to, the following month. On 14 November 2025, the Government of India notified the Digital Personal Data…
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International Sporting Events in the Warming World: Reassessing State Responsibility to Protect Athlete Health
Abstract Every major sporting event claims to be a celebration of human potential. The current air, often saturated with PM₂.₅ concentrations that drift into the nauseous global warming trends, creates a milieu in which even ordinary breathing becomes laborious. Medical research has long warned that such exposure affects oxygen uptake and triggers inflammation within hours.…