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# Virtuosity Legal

Substance. Authority. Insight.

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## Posts

- [IBC 2.0: Assessing Whether the 2026 Amendment Can Resolve India’s Insolvency Delay Crisis | Kavish Joshi, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/ibc-2-0-assessing-whether-the-2026-amendment-can-resolve-indias-insolvency-delay-crisis-kavish-joshi-vl-desk/) - India's Insolvency Framework: From Fragmented Recovery Laws to the IBC The introduction of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, has proven to be a watershed moment in the history of Indian economic legislation, providing a systematic framework in a time-bound manner to decades of collapsing legal paralysis. IBC has been fairly successful in maintaining macroeconomic
- [AI in the Courtroom: Analyzing India's Draft Judicial AI Regulations in a Global Context](https://virtuositylegal.com/ai-in-the-courtroom-analyzing-indias-draft-judicial-ai-regulations-in-a-global-context/) - Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly moving from closed testing environments into real-world execution across several sectors. The incorporation of AI into judicial frameworks is now a reality. Unlike other sectors, judicial decision-making is bound to human reasoning, and unchecked AI deployment raises serious concerns about due process and the protection of fundamental rights. This
- [The Corporate Algorithm: Evaluating Social Media Censorship of Climate Activism Under Environmental Jurisprudence And Free Speech](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-corporate-algorithm-evaluating-social-media-censorship-of-climate-activism-under-environmental-jurisprudence-and-free-speech/) - Abstract This article explores the alarming intersection of corporate environmental liability and digital constitutionalism. In the modern era, multi-national corporations often wield significant systemic power over social media algorithms, leading to the passive compliance and suppression of grassroots climate activism, a phenomenon termed as 'Eco-Censorship.' By analyzing the thin line between private corporate policies and
- [Coding Sustainability: Is The ‘Right To Repair’ India’s Key To Sustainable AI Development?](https://virtuositylegal.com/coding-sustainability-is-the-right-to-repair-indias-key-to-sustainable-ai-development/) - ABSTRACT As the Indian government continues to invest heavily in artificial intelligence (AI) to advance economic growth, innovation, and technological self-reliance, the environmental consequences of AI development and deployment demand greater attention from policymakers and the public alike. AI systems rely on resource-intensive hardware, substantial energy consumption, and frequent device replacement cycles, often exacerbated by
- [Algorithmic Justice or Psychological Bias 2.0? Rethinking AI Risk Assessment in Criminal Sentencing](https://virtuositylegal.com/algorithmic-justice-or-psychological-bias-2-0-rethinking-ai-risk-assessment-in-criminal-sentencing/) - “The delivery of justice must be guided by human conscience and not algorithms.”Justice Vikram Nath, Supreme Court of India (2026) This shift toward algorithmic sentencing represents a new frontier for Critical Legal Studies, where the indeterminacy of human judgment is replaced by an opaque ideology of data-driven objectivity that masks traditional power imbalances. The Facade
- [The Right to a Human Judge in the Age of Artificial Intelligence | Ali Akhlaq Khan, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-right-to-a-human-judge-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence-ali-akhlaq-khan-vl-desk/) - As John Rawls was penning down that, “A legal system must make provisions for conducting orderly trials and hearings; it must contain rules of evidence that guarantee rational procedures of inquiry. While there are variations in these procedures, the rule of law requires some form of due process: that is, a process reasonably designed to
- [Bail Is The Rule, Jail Is The Structure: A Critical Legal Studies Critique Of Indian Bail Jurisprudence.](https://virtuositylegal.com/bail-is-the-rule-jail-is-the-structure-a-critical-legal-studies-critique-of-indian-bail-jurisprudence/) - Abstract Indian courts often say that “bail is the rule and jail is the exception.” But if this is true, why are more than 75% of India’s prisoners undertrials, people who have not been convicted of any crime? This article asks this simple but uncomfortable question. Using a Critical Legal Studies perspective, the author examines
- [Are We Ready For Neurotechnology?](https://virtuositylegal.com/are-we-ready-for-neurotechnology/) - Abstract The future of human-machine interaction is quickly shifting towards a more intimate and direct relationship between humans and machines, with the aid of technology like Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). Although these advancements in medicine, communication and accessibility may seem like great opportunities, they are also risking mental privacy, cognitive freedom and human autonomy. Existing legal
- [Beautiful Words, Brutal Walls: The Politics of The PMLA](https://virtuositylegal.com/beautiful-words-brutal-walls-the-politics-of-the-pmla/) - The supreme law of India, that is, the Constitution, promises every individual the fundamental right to personal liberty under Article 21 and guarantees a fair, neutral trial. Yet, the material reality of our criminal justice machinery tells a fundamentally different story. As of 2026, official data from the Enforcement Directorate demonstrates an alternate reality, with
- [NEET and the Myth of Meritocracy: A Critical Legal Studies Critique of Uniform Educational Standards](https://virtuositylegal.com/neet-and-the-myth-of-meritocracy-a-critical-legal-studies-critique-of-uniform-educational-standards/) - Abstract This blog examines NEET critically, focusing on the constitutional and socio-legal issues it raises. It argues that although NEET was set up as a centralised mechanism to promote fairness, merit-based decision-making, and the standardisation of educational performance to establish merit for medical students, it actually serves to reinforce previously established inequalities in both society
- [New Age Discrimination: AI and Social Justice](https://virtuositylegal.com/new-age-discrimination-ai-and-social-justice/) - Abstract The blog critically examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence on social justice by studying hindrance in systematic procedures called as "algorithmic bias." It critically scrutinizes the current digital law frameworks including the European and Indian Laws and its implementation around the world with the help of real-life examples, advocating a need for adopting an
- [The Cruel Irony Of India's Women's Reservation Bill: South Indian Women May Lose More Than They Gain](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-cruel-irony-of-indias-womens-reservation-bill-south-indian-women-may-lose-more-than-they-gain/) - India Promised Women A Seat At The Table, Then Moved the Table In September 2023, the Indian parliament passed the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam- the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act welcomed and praised by almost everyone. It was the first time in independent India’s history that 33 percent of seats in the Lok Sabha and State
- [Anatomy of a Cockroach: On Life, Liberty, and Other Excessive Demands | Tanzeel Islam Khan, VL Postcard](https://virtuositylegal.com/anatomy-of-a-cockroach-on-life-liberty-and-other-excessive-demands-tanzeel-islam-khan/) - The following is a satirical work of fiction related to cockroaches in general. Any resemblance to any event, real or otherwise, is purely coincidental. In every civilized society, there comes a moment when difficult constitutional questions must be answered. Ours, unfortunately, concerns cockroaches. Do cockroaches possess dignity? Can a cockroach claim liberty? More dangerously, can
- [Gaps in International Criminal Law on Third-Party Responsibility for AI-Enabled Drones and Targeted Ecocide](https://virtuositylegal.com/gaps-in-international-criminal-law-on-third-party-responsibility-for-ai-enabled-drones-and-targeted-ecocide/) - Acknowledgement: The authors are thankful to Paarth Chhapolia, Mohammed Haris and Tanasvi Mittal for their assistance with editing the piece. Ecocide refers to the extensive, enduring, and severe destruction of ecosystems by human activities, causing significant environmental harm and the infringement of fundamental human rights. This widespread devastation diminishes biodiversity, disrupts ecological balance, and jeopardizes
- [The Spirit V. The Letter: Assessing Justice Chandrachud's Opinion In The Sabarimala Case | Ayat Shaukatullah, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-spirit-v-the-letter-assessing-justice-chandrachuds-opinion-in-the-sabarimala-case-ayat-shaukatullah-vl-desk/) - India has grappled for years with the question of secularism–from its inclusion in the Preamble to its inclusion in governance. Where are the lines drawn, between state and religion, and how? Who gets to draw them? These are but some of the questions the court wrestled with in Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala[i],
- [Law Schools Against the Rule of Law: AMU, Lloyd, and Judicial Defiance | Tanzeel Islam Khan, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/law-schools-against-the-rule-of-law-amu-lloyd-and-judicial-defiance-tanzeel-islam-khan-vl-desk/) - If I was to come up with a legal parallel for the saying “The worst thing about betrayals is that it never comes from strangers”, it would be, “The worst form of legal nonsense emanates from law schools themselves”. A tale of two institutions, AMU and Lloyd and their blatant disregard against a judgement of
- [Bail Beyond Dignity: Analysing The Supreme Court’s Intervention In Bail Jurisprudence | Sadaf Shabbir Siddiqui, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/bail-beyond-dignity-analysing-the-supreme-courts-intervention-in-bail-jurisprudence-sadaf-shabbir-siddiqui-vl-desk/) - A liberty secured through degradation is not liberation since there is nothing “free” about a freedom that humiliates. When constitutional liberty is attained at the cost of dignity, it is a release only in form, not in substance, as a man/woman may walk free, yet he/she shall drag the weight of his/her humiliation that will
- [Case 3, 4 & 5: Conflictual Jural Relationships | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/case-3-4-5-conflictual-jural-relationships-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [Case 1: Right to Exclude | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/right-to-exclude-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [Case 6: The Use Of Motorcycle Helmets (Indirect Effect) | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/case-6-the-use-of-motorcycle-helmets-indirect-effect-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [Case 9: The Merchant of Venice (Self-Regarding Contracts) | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/case-9-the-merchant-of-venice-self-regarding-contracts-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [The Absence Of A Factual Conflict Of Rights | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-absence-of-a-factual-conflict-of-rights-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [Case 7 & 8: Vertical Limit | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/case-7-8-vertical-limit-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [Case 2: Voluntary Intoxication (Self Regarding Acts) | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/voluntary-intoxication-self-regarding-acts-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [The System Of Reciprocal Duties | Dr. Alexander Espinoza Rausseo, Dr. Jhenny de Fátima Rivas Alberti write for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-system-of-reciprocal-duties-dr-alexander-espinoza-rausseo-dr-jhenny-de-fatima-rivas-alberti-write-for-virtuosity-legal/)
- [Powering Viksit Bharat: Decoding The Non-Fossil Fuel Mandate & The Path To Decarbonisation Through Draft Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025.](https://virtuositylegal.com/powering-viksit-bharat-decoding-the-non-fossil-fuel-mandate-the-path-to-decarbonisation-through-draft-electricity-amendment-bill-2025/) - Abstract This article explains why there has been a significant move in favor of India realizing its ambition of having Net Zero carbon emission by 2070 with the help of the Draft Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2025. This law provides the necessary legislation on the green transition as it has provided a more structured regime of
- [Report Release | Fair Use Watch: Tracking Interpretation Of Fair Use In Training Of LLMs Around The World. | May 2026, Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/report-release-fair-use-watch-tracking-interpretation-of-fair-use-in-training-of-llms-around-the-world-may-2026-virtuosity-legal/) - Release Note Fair Use watch, 2026 Issue Read The report Fair use is ‘a right’ to use an otherwise ‘protected’ work. In its most general sense, a fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and “transformative” purpose, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a copyrighted work. Such uses
- [De Jure Victims And De Facto Realities: Rethinking Quashing Jurisdiction Under The POCSO Act | Akriti Varun, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/de-jure-victims-and-de-facto-realities-akriti-varun-vl-desk/) - Can the law sustain the existence of an ‘offence’ where the ‘victim’, as statutorily defined, disclaims any loss or injury? This question lies at the heart of the evolving jurisprudence on the quashing of criminal proceedings under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. The Delhi High Court has recently laid down various
- [Industrial Relations Code, 2020: Collective Bargaining Without Strong Rights?](https://virtuositylegal.com/industrial-relations-code-2020-collective-bargaining-without-strong-rights/) - New labour codes namely Code of Social Security, 2020; The OSH Code, 2020; Code of Wages, 2019; and IR Code, 2020, are enacted and consolidated 29 central laws, with the aim of unification, simplification and to promote ease of doing business, which was also the recommendation of 2nd labour commission in 2002. Pre-labour law such
- [Authorless Creations: Why India's Copyright Law Is Not Ready forAI-Generated Works](https://virtuositylegal.com/authorless-creations-why-indias-copyright-law-is-not-ready-forai-generated-works/) - Abstract With the increasing presence of AI in our lives, and its unavoidable ability to replace human thought, it is of much importance that the capability of Indian Laws in this aspect is assessed. Rooted in the assumption of human authorship, the Indian Laws fail to account for AI as an author of a creation.
- [The Misconduct Payday: Yashwant Varma’s Escape](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-misconduct-payday-yashwant-varmas-escape/) - How would you feel if a sitting High Court judge implicated in a large-scale corruption scandal were allowed to walk away unscathed and receive the same benefits as an honest judge? Sounds unreasonable, but this is exactly how our constitutional provisions deal with misconduct in the Indian judiciary. In 2025, impeachment proceedings were initiated against
- [Autism In The UK: Legal Rights, Reasonable Adjustments, And Recent Developments Under The Equality Act](https://virtuositylegal.com/autism-in-the-uk-legal-rights-reasonable-adjustments-and-recent-developments-under-the-equality-act/) - Abstract This article talks about the legal rights of autistic people in the UK under the Equality Act 2010. It talks about how autism can be a disability, the six main types of discrimination that are against the law, and the important duty that employers, schools, and service providers have to make reasonable changes. The
- [The Service That Serves Itself: Unfair Trade Practices And Conflict Of Interest In AI Platforms Under Indian Consumer Protection Law](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-service-that-serves-itself-unfair-trade-practices-and-conflict-of-interest-in-ai-platforms-under-indian-consumer-protection-law/) - Imagine asking an AI-powered financial assistant embedded in a popular fintech application whether you should invest in a particular mutual fund. The assistant recommends it confidently, in fluent Hindi or English, with the warmth of a trusted advisor. What the assistant does not tell you is that the mutual fund in question is offered by
- [Failure to Remove & Building Safety: Major Cases Testing UK Local Authority Liability](https://virtuositylegal.com/failure-to-remove-building-safety-major-cases-testing-uk-local-authority-liability/) - Abstract With an emphasis on 'failure to remove' cases, planning and environmental issues, and building safety and homelessness obligations, this article explores the changing terrain of public liability claims against UK local authorities. Finch v. Surrey County Council [2024] (scope 3 emissions in environmental impact assessments), R (Moakes) v. Canterbury City Council [2025] (procedural fairness
- [Waste Pickers, Labour Rights, and the Law: Analysing India’s New Waste Management Framework and Comparative Judicial Lessons from Colombia](https://virtuositylegal.com/waste-pickers-labour-rights-and-the-law-analysing-indias-new-waste-management-framework-and-comparative-judicial-lessons-from-colombia/) - Abstract “Informality is not an absence of law, but a reflection of how law chooses to exclude”.[i] This insight captures the paradoxical status of waste pickers in India, a group estimated at over four million who are indispensable to urban waste management yet remain legally invisible.[ii] Waste pickers contribute substantially to the economy and the
- [Default Bail as a Structural Constitutional Guarantee: Reclaiming The Indefeasible Right Under Article 21](https://virtuositylegal.com/default-bail-as-a-structural-constitutional-guarantee-reclaiming-the-indefeasible-right-under-article-21/) - ABSTRACT A concept of ‘statutory’ or ’default’ bail under the second provision of Section 167(2)(now reenacted as Section 187 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023) of the Criminal Procedure Code is traditionally characterized as an ’indefeasible right’, which arises in the face of investigatory delay. Barring a discussion of the underlying determinants of such
- [Unveiling The Depths: Scope And Implications Of Preliminary Inquiry Under BNSS](https://virtuositylegal.com/unveiling-the-depths-scope-and-implications-of-preliminary-inquiry-under-bnss/) - ABSTRACT The criminal Justice system adopts new procedures with the changing needs of society. With the revision of the new criminal laws, the concept of preliminary enquiry before the registration of FIR came to be codified under section 173(3) of BNSS. As the provision departs from the earlier concept enunciated in Lalita Kumari, it was
- [India’s Digital Public Infrastructure: From Platform Governance To Institutional Transformation](https://virtuositylegal.com/indias-digital-public-infrastructure-from-platform-governance-to-institutional-transformation/) - ABSTRACT The digital revolution in India has made Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) a critical tool in its governance reform journey. DPI is based on digitized and interconnected systems such as Aadhar, UPI, and data systems based on consent, which provide a pathway to deliver public services in a large and diversely inhabited country in a
- [Patents, Data Exclusivity And The Future Of Affordable Medicines In India](https://virtuositylegal.com/patents-data-exclusivity-and-the-future-of-affordable-medicines-in-india/) - The Indian pharmaceutical sector is booming and has become a global giant, ranked 3rd in volume and 11th in value. Further, it also provides 20% of the world's supply of affordable medicines and 60% of life-saving vaccines. Pharmaceutical exports have increased to 27.85 billion USD in FY 2023-24. From life-saving medicine and vaccines to advanced
- [The Digital Infrastructure and Environmental Law in India: An Unaddressed Area](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-digital-infrastructure-and-environmental-law-in-india-an-unaddressed-area/) - On 10th of December 2025, Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft announced about the Microsoft investment of 17.5 billion dollar in India to build the digital infrastructure, this boom is continuous and because of the adoption of AI, cloud computing, and to preserve the data sovereignty which mandates that the data will be kept within the
- [The Development of Representative and Class Action Suits in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-development-of-representative-and-class-action-suits-in-india/) - Collective legal action, where groups of persons affected by a similar legal issue seek redress in a single proceeding, is an important facet of modern litigation. Globally, this mechanism has taken many forms, with class action suits particularly associated with the United States. India, though not possessing a formal class action regime identical to those
- [Can India Host the 2030 Commonwealth Games if Its Air Remains Toxic? A Wake-Up Call for Environmental Responsibility and Athlete Health](https://virtuositylegal.com/international-sporting-events-in-the-warming-world-reassessing-state-responsibility-to-protect-athlete-health-2/) - Every major sporting event claims to be a celebration of human potential, but if India goes ahead with hosting the 2030 Commonwealth Games in Ahmedabad, athletes may find that the real contest begins before they enter a stadium. The city’s winter air, often saturated with PM₂.₅ concentrations that drift into the “very unhealthy” band, creates
- [Settled Position or Persisting Confusion: Examining the Evolving Jurisprudence on PMLA Offence vis-à-vis Predicate Offence](https://virtuositylegal.com/settled-position-or-persisting-confusion-examining-the-evolving-jurisprudence-on-pmla-offence-vis-a-vis-predicate-offence/) - One of the current debates relating to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (“PMLA”) concerns the relationship between the predicate offence and the offence of money laundering under PMLA. While the Supreme Court in 2022 declared that money laundering can only exist when the predicate offence does, the implications of quashing, dismissal, or acquittal
- [Discretion Without Doctrine: How Bail Jurisprudence Normalised Constitutional Uncertainty in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/discretion-without-doctrine-how-bail-jurisprudence-normalised-constitutional-uncertainty-in-india/) - Abstract Bail jurisprudence in India operates at the fault-line between the State’s coercive authority and the individual’s constitutional entitlement to personal liberty. While the Supreme Court has consistently recognised bail as a constitutional safeguard rather than a mere procedural concession, contemporary practice reveals a system marked by doctrinal fragmentation and institutional unpredictability. This article argues
- [SC vs SC: The question of ‘Caste Discrimination’ and its latest answer | Saniya Malik, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/sc-vs-sc-the-question-of-caste-discrimination-and-its-latest-answer-saniya-malik-vl-desk/) - On 29 January 2026, the Supreme Court of India passed an interim stay order in relation to the University Grants Commission (Guidelines for Higher Education Institutions), 2026, which had been issued on 13 January 2026 in substitution of the earlier UGC Guidelines, 2012 governing higher educational institutions. The 2026 Guidelines, owing to their immediate applicability
- [From Legislative Promise to Regulatory Paradox: Why India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 Need Urgent Reform](https://virtuositylegal.com/from-legislative-promise-to-regulatory-paradox-why-indias-digital-personal-data-protection-rules-2025-need-urgent-reform/) - On 14 November 2025, India took a definitive step in its digital governance journey with the notification of the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA). These Rules were intended to give practical meaning to the Act fleshing out how personal data should be processed, protected, retained,
- [The Bail-to-Trial Gap: How India's Undertrial Crisis Transforms Punishment Into Process](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-bail-to-trial-gap-how-indias-undertrial-crisis-transforms-punishment-into-process/) - 1. Introduction: The Constitutional Paradox of Preventive Incarceration. One of the cases involved Rajesh Kumar, who spent 1247 days in Tihar Jail, accused of stealing a mobile phone worth 8,000. The magistrate finally acquitted him at the end of his trial in 2019, but by then, he had lost his job as a daily wage
- [Bail as Exception: The Parallel Legal Order Created by Special Criminal Law](https://virtuositylegal.com/bail-as-exception-the-parallel-legal-order-created-by-special-criminal-law/) - The bail jurisprudence in India is based on the premise that bail is the rule, jail is the exception as observed in the case of Gudikanti Narasimhulu v. Public Prosecutor[i]. This principle originates from Article 21 which stipulates that any restraint on liberty of the individual must be balanced on just, fair and reasonable procedure
- [From Safeguard To Straitjacket: Bail Jurisprudence Under India’s NDPS Regime](https://virtuositylegal.com/from-safeguard-to-straitjacket-bail-jurisprudence-under-indias-ndps-regime/) - ABSTRACT This article explains the law of bail under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 in clear and accessible terms while critically examining how it operates in practice. It outlines the basic idea of bail as a mechanism that allows an accused person to remain at liberty during investigation and trial and contrasts
- [Right to Menstrual Health as a Part of the Right to Life | Shabi Tauseef, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/right-to-menstrual-health-as-a-part-of-the-right-to-life-shabi-tauseef-vl-desk/) - Menstruation in India is still a taboo, unspoken issue for many. Adolescent girls face shame, poverty, and substandard sanitation, leading to absence from school or even dropout. Dasra, a non-profit organisation in a 2014 study found that about 2.3 crore Indian girls drop out of school every year after they start menstruating, largely due to
- [Report Release: The Case That Wasn't: A Repository of AI Hallucinations in Common Law Courtrooms Around The World | Feb 2026, Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/report-release-the-case-that-wasnt-a-repository-of-ai-hallucinations-in-common-law-courtrooms-around-the-world-feb-2026-virtuosity-legal/) - Foreword to the Feb, 2026 Report Kaif Siddiqui, Research Fellow, NALSAR Univ. Hyderabad It is November 2025, as I write this note. Exactly three years since the world changed forever, with the release of OpenAI’s ChatGPT in November 2022. And unlike many other historical instances where we may say that “the world changed forever”, this
- [When Safety Net Becomes A Trap ](https://virtuositylegal.com/when-safety-net-becomes-a-trap/) - Abstract This piece is about a feeling most of us recognise but rarely name. The quiet moment when you realise that the liberty you were taught about in school is not in tune with the nerve of the criminal justice system. It is not about dramatic breakdowns or spectacular abuses of power, it is about
- [ESG-Washing Under BRSR: How Effective Is India’s Mandatory Sustainability Reporting?](https://virtuositylegal.com/esg-washing-under-brsr-how-effective-is-indias-mandatory-sustainability-reporting/) - Abstract The article discusses the question of whether the mandatory Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) structure in India would effectively stop the process of ESG-washing or restructure it into a more coherent one. As Environmental, Social, and Governance (Hereinafter referred to as “ESG”) is becoming a defining factor in access to capital and corporate
- [When Systems Fail Millions: Class Action Litigation In Aviation, Railways, And Public Transport Delays](https://virtuositylegal.com/when-systems-fail-millions-class-action-litigation-in-aviation-railways-and-public-transport-delays/) - Abstract Transportation and logistics is the lifeline of modern economic frameworks, so any kind of transportation delays, such as flight cancellations, railway delays, metro breakdowns, and road transport accidents etc., have the potential to jolt the economy as well as the general public. The widespread harm caused to individuals, though, seems fragmented, but the commonality
- [Can failure to control drug cartels or bad administration justify foreign military intervention? Analysis of the U.S.-Venezuela Scenario | Kushagra Srivastava, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/can-failure-to-control-drug-cartels-or-bad-administration-justify-foreign-military-intervention-analysis-of-the-u-s-venezuela-scenario-kushagra-srivastava-vl-desk/) - Background On January 3rd, 2026, the Attorney General Pamela Bondi stated on social media that “Nicolas Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores, have been indicted in the Southern District of New York” and that they will face “the full wrath of American justice on American soil, in American courts” Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro and his
- [Is Life Imprisonment Without Remission a ‘Fourth Category’ of Punishment?](https://virtuositylegal.com/is-life-imprisonment-without-remission-a-fourth-category-of-punishment/) - Life imprisonment without remission is a penal sentence in which the convict remains incarcerated for their entire natural life, without the possibility of release. This form of punishment is problematic for several reasons. It raises significant human rights concerns, as it deprives individuals of any hope for release, which can be considered inhumane and degrading.
- [The Oxygen Divide: Why India’s Air Pollution is a Crisis of Inequality | Shivanshu K. Srivastava writes for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-oxygen-divide-why-indias-air-pollution-is-a-crisis-of-inequality-shivanshu-k-srivastava-writes-for-virtuosity-legal/) - Abstract Air pollution in India has transitioned from a seasonal environmental concern into a systemic violation of constitutional equality, where the "right to breathe" is increasingly determined by socio-economic status. While judicial interpretation has long recognised the right to a clean environment under Article 21, a significant jurisprudential gap persists regarding the disparate impact of
- [SARAL or Secrecy? How the DPDP Rules Change RTI’s Promise](https://virtuositylegal.com/saral-or-secrecy-how-the-dpdp-rules-change-rtis-promise/) - Imagine filing an RTI to understand why your local authority denied you a benefit, only to be told that the relevant file is now “personal data” and cannot be shared. That is the quiet shift India woke up to, the following month. On 14 November 2025, the Government of India notified the Digital Personal Data
- [International Sporting Events in the Warming World: Reassessing State Responsibility to Protect Athlete Health](https://virtuositylegal.com/international-sporting-events-in-the-warming-world-reassessing-state-responsibility-to-protect-athlete-health/) - Abstract Every major sporting event claims to be a celebration of human potential. The current air, often saturated with PM₂.₅ concentrations that drift into the nauseous global warming trends, creates a milieu in which even ordinary breathing becomes laborious. Medical research has long warned that such exposure affects oxygen uptake and triggers inflammation within hours.
- [The legal good (Rechtsgut) as legitimising criteria of the criminal law intervention | Raquel Cardoso writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-legal-good-rechtsgut-as-legitimising-criteria-of-the-criminal-law-intervention-raquel-cardoso-writes/) - Introduction The use of criminal law, as the most coercive means available to the state (or other entities bearing ius puniendi) to shape individual behaviour, must be accompanied by one question: what is its purpose? What function should criminal law serve? In short, what legitimises the state's restriction of the most fundamental rights of the
- [From Kosovo to Palestine: The Geopolitics of Selective Recognition](https://virtuositylegal.com/from-kosovo-to-palestine-the-geopolitics-of-selective-recognition/) - Recognition is one of the most decisive yet contentious acts in international law. It determines who participates in the international system as a legitimate sovereign state. In theory, the criteria for statehood are well-defined under the Montevideo Convention of 1933, which lists a permanent population, defined territory, effective government, and capacity to enter relations with
- [The Paradox of Modern Statehood: Why Law says Yes but Politics says No.](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-paradox-of-modern-statehood-why-law-says-yes-but-politics-says-no/) - International law is often described as one of the most paradoxical concepts of law, where one state agrees while another state contradicts. Nations rarely reach a common consensus on fundamentals related to international law. Whether it constitutes as true law or when a political entity should be recognised as state. This disagreement is mostly derived
- [Generative AI vs. Ad Bots: India’s Legal Blind Spot](https://virtuositylegal.com/generative-ai-vs-ad-bots-indias-legal-blind-spot/) - The digital advertising ecosystem today uses sophisticated data analytics and AI to target consumers far more precisely than traditional one-way media. Platforms like Google and social networks collect demographics and behavior to tailor ads and measure ROI. However, this precision comes at a cost – automated “bots” now generate about half of all internet traffic.
- [Subjects of Law or Outlaws? The Legal Personality of Non-State Armed Groups](https://virtuositylegal.com/subjects-of-law-or-outlaws-the-legal-personality-of-non-state-armed-groups/) - States are considered the primary legal entities and subjects of international law with the power and capacity to make treaties, however they can still make agreements with non-state entities, such as NSAGs, international organizations, individuals and people who acquire legal personalities and struggle for equal rights. The legal status of non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in
- [The Unequal Architecture of Recognition: A Critical Study of the Politics of Recognition in Sudan and Palestine amid Genocide ](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-unequal-architecture-of-recognition-a-critical-study-of-the-politics-of-recognition-in-sudan-and-palestine-amid-genocide/) - The notion of formal recognition within the international system is viewed as a formal acknowledgement for an entity to qualify as a state. Sudan and Palestine demonstrate contrasting dimensions of the recognition politics. Sudan is fully recognised as a sovereign state, and the state recognition remains largely unaffected despite extensive documentation of atrocities in the
- [Accountability By Design: Shared Liability In AI Fraud Under Indian Cyber Law](https://virtuositylegal.com/accountability-by-design-shared-liability-in-ai-fraud-under-indian-cyber-law/) - Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming India’s digital economy, yet it simultaneously generates unprecedented risks of fraud through deepfakes, phishing bots, and algorithmic scams. The existing cyber law framework under Information Technology Act, 2000, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, and Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, provides partial remedies but fails to address liability attribution in
- [Necrophilia: Unheard Voice Of Those Buried](https://virtuositylegal.com/necrophilia-unheard-voice-of-those-buried/) - Imagine a person who is mute and locked within a black box. Suddenly, a shadowy figure appears, gratifies their own desire with the person, and then disappears. Now, the individual cannot invoke Article 21 nor claim the status of a victim of sexual assault simply because they are not alive.Now imagine, someone rapes a person
- [Collegium System: A tool for 'judicial independence' or 'judicial autocracy' an Interview with Adv. Ashish Goel](https://virtuositylegal.com/collegium-system-a-tool-for-judicial-independence-or-judicial-autocracy-an-interview-with-adv-ashish-goel/) - Founders, Virtuosity Legal interview Adv. Ashish Goel.#VL_Interviews Q.1 The Collegium system has long been criticized for its unprincipled selection process and no accountability. What do you propose, an overhaul of the system itself or a greater transparency in the process of selection? I am unclear as to what you mean by an “overhaul of the
- [Borders of Justice: What India Can Learn from Global Models of Criminal Reform](https://virtuositylegal.com/borders-of-justice-what-india-can-learn-from-global-models-of-criminal-reform/) - 1. Introduction Where prison walls are groaning with twice their intended capacity and justice drags at the pace of paperwork, the idea of reform often seems pie in the sky. India’s criminal justice system, deeply ingrained in colonial legacies is confronting an unfathomable crisis of legitimacy. Prisons are operating at 250-400% of their sanctioned capacity,
- [When the Law Learns to Listen: Rethinking Justice Through Healing, Not Punishment](https://virtuositylegal.com/when-the-law-learns-to-listen-rethinking-justice-through-healing-not-punishment/) - There’s something about the sound of a courtroom that sticks with you. The shuffle of papers, the sharp word “My Lord,” the heavy wooden doors that seem to decide who speaks and who waits. For many, stepping inside isn’t empowering; it’s frightening. The law, in its grandeur, can feel cold, distant, and even alienating. But
- [Digital Trauma and Victimology: Rethinking Justice in the Age of Cybercrime](https://virtuositylegal.com/digital-trauma-and-victimology-rethinking-justice-in-the-age-of-cybercrime/) - A teenager's humiliation goes viral. Deepfake is a form of identity theft in which an individual takes on the identity of an unsuspecting professional. A survivor re-experiences their trauma whenever their name is searched. Now, where bruises and broken bones were once considered the most serious, they pale in comparison to the wounds that may
- [Algorithmic Discrimination in India's Legal System: Constitutional Challenges and Policy Reform](https://virtuositylegal.com/algorithmic-discrimination-in-indias-legal-system-constitutional-challenges-and-policy-reform/) - Artificial Intelligence is no longer confined to futuristic imagination as it is already transforming India’s legal system. The government has invested heavily, with Phase III of the eCourts Project receiving over seven thousand crores, a portion earmarked for AI and blockchain in High Courts.[i] The seriousness of this investment is clear. Under this project, AI
- [Online Gaming In India: In Search Of An Appropriate Regulation | Rav Pratap Singh Writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/online-gaming-in-india-in-search-of-an-appropriate-regulation-rav-pratap-singh-writes/) - A. Introduction The Indian Parliament recently passed The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025 (‘Online Gaming Act’). The remit of Online Gaming Act, despite its name, is not merely restricted to promotion and regulation. Section 5 of the Online Gaming Act imposes a complete prohibition on one category of online games, i.e., online
- [Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Healing-Centered Jurisprudence](https://virtuositylegal.com/therapeutic-jurisprudence-and-healing-centered-jurisprudence/) - Abstract This article traces the origins and development of therapeutic jurisprudence and healing-centred jurisprudence, two movements that have transformed the face of law by proposing a move from penal to restorative and rehabilitative paradigms of justice. Therapeutic jurisprudence, pioneered by David Wexler in 1987, focuses on the psychology of law processes and draws attention to
- [Witch-Hunting is Real. So Is Legal Apathy.](https://virtuositylegal.com/witch-hunting-is-real-so-is-legal-apathy/) - On the night of July 6th this year, in Tetgama village, Bihar, five members of a family, including three women, were brutally beaten and burned alive by a mob of nearly 200 villagers. The alleged reason: the family had been accused of practicing witchcraft following the death of a child. As per police reports, the
- [Euthanasia: Exploring Criminal Liability and Individual Autonomy](https://virtuositylegal.com/euthanasia-exploring-criminal-liability-and-individual-autonomy/) - Abstract Euthanasia occupies a profound and intricate space where law, ethics, and medicine converge, prompting deep reflection on the boundaries of personal freedom and the state’s role in life-and-death decisions. It raises poignant questions about whether individuals should have the right to choose a dignified death and how societies balance this with the intrinsic value
- [Recognition of Palestine: UK, Australia, Canada, and Lady Macbeth’s Atonement | Tanzeel Islam Khan, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/recognition-of-palestine-uk-australia-canada-and-lady-macbeths-atonement/) - The author is indebted to Ghufran Ahmad, Research Correspondent, Virtuosity Legal and Mahvish Fatima, Co-founder, Virtuosity Legal for their inputs.#VLDesk "DOCTOR:What is it she does now? Look, how she rubs her hands. GENTLEWOMAN:It is an accustomed action with her to seem thus washing her hands.I have known her continue in this a quarter of an
- [Workplace Harassment Beyond Deadlines: The NUJS Order | Ramisha Fatima, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/workplace-harassment-beyond-deadlines-the-nujs-order-ramisha-fatima-vl-desk/) - In addition to the direct pain it causes, workplace harassment is still one of the most harmful injustices in the workplace because of the way that victims' suffering is frequently exacerbated by social stigma, institutional inertia, and legal technicalities.Inappropriate behaviour in the workplace, whether verbal, non-verbal, physical, or psychological, frequently of a sexual nature, that
- [Incarceration And Parity: A Comparitive Study On Rights Of Women Convicts](https://virtuositylegal.com/incarceration-and-parity-a-comparitive-study-on-rights-of-women-convicts/) - In India, women have been given a position of honor and admiration in the society. The Constitution of India recognizes equality towards women in all facet of their life. The State has an obligation towards safeguarding the basic human rights enjoyed by a woman and to ensure that the essentials of various International Conventions with
- [Recalibrating India's Insolvency And Bankruptcy Regime | Dr. Parineeta Goswami writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/recalibrating-indias-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-regime/) - The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 ("IBC") is widely hailed as one of the most transformative economic legislations of modern India. Designed to consolidate fragmented insolvency laws into a unified framework, it sought to ensure time-bound resolution of distressed assets, maximize value for creditors, and improve the ease of doing business.[i]Nearly a decade later, the
- [Stunted Higher Caste Judiciary and Social Injustice as Evident from the Calcutta High Court OBC List Judgment | Dr. Ayaz Ahmad writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/stunted-higher-caste-judiciary-and-social-injustice-as-evident-from-the-calcutta-high-court-obc-list-judgment/) - Abstract In a constitutional democracy, both the task of interpreting legislative text and the legality of executive action rest on the wisdom of constitutional courts. Cases involving arbitration between competing social interests often become the litmus test of the higher judiciary itself. These are occasions on which the nature of judicial process gets reflected in
- [Maternity Benefits at the Crossroads: Gender, Class, and Informality in India’s Labour Regime](https://virtuositylegal.com/maternity-benefits-at-the-crossroads-gender-class-and-informality-in-indias-labour-regime/) - The Indian Supreme Court has recently made two important rulings, K. Umadevi v. Government of Tamil Nadu[i] and Dr. Kavita Yadav v. The State[ii]. These decisions have significantly changed the legal framework regarding reproductive rights and maternity benefits in India. Instead of focusing only on employment, these rulings place maternity rights within a wider constitutional
- [Algorithmic Bias And The Quest For Equal Justice In India](https://virtuositylegal.com/algorithmic-bias-and-the-quest-for-equal-justice-in-india/) - Artificial intelligence is also making inroads into India’s justice delivery system. Courts are looking at digital tools to help manage cases, predict outcomes, and even make decisions. The Supreme Court of India spearheaded projects such as SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Courts Efficiency) to aid judges in legal research and sorting precedents, and
- [Streamlining Crime Reporting with Digital Signatures: A Modern Approach](https://virtuositylegal.com/streamlining-crime-reporting-with-digital-signatures-a-modern-approach/) - The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (hereinafter referred to as BNSS) has introduced a transformative feature in the criminal justice system by enabling e-FIRs, which allow individuals to report crimes online. This digital approach makes it much easier and faster for people to file complaints, offering significant improvements in accessibility. Victims no longer need to physically
- [The Delhi High Court’s 2025 UAPA Bail Denial: Echoes of the ADM Jabalpur Case? | Obaid Akram, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-delhi-high-courts-2025-uapa-bail-denial-echoes-of-the-adm-jabalpur-case/) - On 2 September 2025, the bail petition for the nine accused in the 2020 Northeast Delhi “larger conspiracy” case under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) was presented before a Division bench of the Delhi High Court and subsequently denied by the Bench. Reviewing the 133-page ruling records, the Bench undermined the right to protest
- [Greening the Machines: The Environmental Footprint of Generative Artificial Intelligence](https://virtuositylegal.com/greening-the-machines-the-environmental-footprint-of-generative-artificial-intelligence/) - Artificial Intelligence popularly known as AI is the new thing in our world. The Trend, The Buzz Word, The new tag line for technological advancement. Generative AI has become the new social media trend. The internet is filled with AI generated literature, images and even AI generated songs. The latest “Studio Ghibli” trend is the
- [Regulatory Camouflage: How India’s Legislative Framework Enable Cyber Crime Against the Vulnerable](https://virtuositylegal.com/regulatory-camouflage-how-indias-legislative-framework-enable-cyber-crime-against-the-vulnerable/) - Abstract Contemporary legislative frameworks, which intend to provide safeguards but continue to be ineffective in addressing the contemporary threats, including deepfakes, biometric spoofing, and AI impersonation, even though there is the presence of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Act on DPDP, 2023. This Article examines how these frameworks fail to be effective and
- [Bodily Autonomy vs. State Control: Rethinking Abortion Rights in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/bodily-autonomy-vs-state-control-rethinking-abortion-rights-in-india/) - In September 2022, the Supreme Court in X v. Principal Secretary, Health & Family Welfare Department[i] held that unmarried women are entitled to terminate pregnancies up to 24 weeks under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971[ii] (“MTP Act”), recognising that marital status cannot dictate access to abortion services. The judgment was hailed as a
- [Carceral Justice And Conjugal Rights: Addressing The Systemic Neglect Of Women Prisoners](https://virtuositylegal.com/carceral-justice-and-conjugal-rights-addressing-the-systemic-neglect-of-women-prisoners/) - Marriage has been upheld since time immemorial as the primary social institution, with conjugal rights forming its foundation. These rights, consisting of emotional companionship, cohabitation, and procreation, are considered key to the sanctity of marriage. But then arises the question as to whether the conjugal rights exist within the four walls of a prison cell.
- [Platonic Leaks, Tectonic Threats: Vec2Vec, A New Challenge To Data Pseudonymization](https://virtuositylegal.com/platonic-leaks-tectonic-threats-vec2vec-a-new-challenge-to-data-pseudonymization/) - A recent paper by the Department of Computer Science of Cornell University introduces a novel unsupervised method, titled Vec2Vec, that allows embeddings from different models to be mapped with high similarities despite variations in their architecture, size, or training data. This article discusses how this development challenges present notions of consent and data pseudonymization in
- [Collegium in Question: A critical take on the opaque elevations and the crisis of legitimacy | Nadia Khan, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/collegium-in-question-a-critical-take-on-the-opaque-elevations-and-the-crisis-of-legitimacy-nadia-khan-vl-desk/) - On 25th of August 2025, the Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai led a Collegium of five Judges that recommended elevation of Justice Vipul Manubhai Pancholi (chief justice of High Court of Judicature at Patna) as the Judge of the Supreme Court of India. Additionally, the CJI-led collegium recommended names of 14 Judges for the
- [A system, a state of existence and a theory: the trifectas of indefinite incarceration | Mahvish Fatima, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/a-system-a-state-of-existence-and-a-theory-the-trifectas-of-indefinite-incarceration-mahvish-fatima-vl-desk/) - The DHC judgement rejecting the Bail Appeals of the political prisoners in the larger Delhi pogrom conspiracy case is an indent in the bail jurisprudence of India. One that finds the conscience of law in conflict with the sociology of law. The Delhi High Court in its judgement dated September 2nd, 2025, rejected a batch
- [From International Student to Barrister and Lecturer in the UK: Unpacking this Personal and Professional transition with Dr. Mukarrum Ahmed](https://virtuositylegal.com/from-international-student-to-barrister-and-lecturer-in-the-uk-unpacking-this-personal-and-professional-transition-with-dr-mukarrum-ahmed/) - Dr. Mukarrum Ahmed, Barrister (Lincoln's Inn), in conversation with Mahvish Fatima, Co-founder, Virtuosity Legal#VLInterviews Q.1 Dr. Ahmed, could you please outline what inspired you to pursue a career in law? What drew you to study law in the UK, and how did your expectations differ from the reality you found? I took up the study
- [The Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025: Politics, Principles, and Pitfalls | Akriti Varun, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-constitution-130th-amendment-bill-2025-politics-principles-and-pitfalls-akriti-varun-vl-desk/) - “Did you know that under India’s Constitution, a Chief Minister or even a Prime Minister could govern from jail? The Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 aims to change that. On Wednesday, August 20, 2025, Union Home Minister Amit Shah tabled three bills to the Lok Sabha that would establish a legal framework for the removal
- [Open Access on Trial: Delhi HC Bans Sci Hub | Tanzeel Islam Khan, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/open-access-on-trial-delhi-hc-bans-sci-hub-tanzeel-islam-khan-vl-desk/) - Delhi High Court has issued an interim injunction In Elsevier Ltd. And Ors. Vs Alexandra Elbakyan And Ors. In its order dated 19.08.2025 directed the DoT (Department of Telecommunications) and MeitY (Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology) to issue a notification within 72 hours to the ISPs and telecom service providers registered under it to
- [Courts and Canines: A look at the Supreme Court’s stray dog verdict | Sadaf Shabbir Siddiqui, VL Desk](https://virtuositylegal.com/courts-and-canines-a-look-at-the-supreme-courts-stray-dog-verdict-sadaf-shabbir-siddiqui-vl-desk/) - On 28th July, the Supreme Court of India took suo motu cognizance of the mounting cases of dog bites reported in Delhi and four adjoining districts on the basis of a report published by The Times of India, titled, ‘City hounded by strays, kids pay price’, which in the court’s opinion contained “extremely alarming” and
- [Tender of Pardon and Its Impact on Bail: A Legal Analysis under BNSS Section 343](https://virtuositylegal.com/tender-of-pardon-and-its-impact-on-bail-a-legal-analysis-under-bnss-section-343/) - Under criminal law, an accomplice is someone who has participated in the commission of a crime either directly or indirectly by abetting or conspiring with the principal offender. While such a person is generally considered culpable, Indian law recognises the utility of their testimony in unravelling criminal conspiracies. Section 138 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
- [Mediation in Criminal Cases: Legal Perspectives | Md. Imran Wahab, IPS writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/mediation-in-criminal-cases-legal-perspectives-md-imran-wahab-ips-writes/) - The Author, Md. Imran Wahab, IPS, is the Inspector General of Police in West Bengal. Mediation, a core component of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), is traditionally associated with civil and family law matters. However, its application is increasingly being explored within the criminal justice system, particularly for non-violent and compoundable offenses. This form of criminal
- [A Slow Liberation For The District Judiciary | Prashant Reddy Thikkavarapu writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/a-slow-liberation-for-the-district-judiciary-prashant-reddy-thikkavarapu-writes/) - Prashant Reddy Thikkavarapu is the Co-author of 'Tareekh Pe Justice: Reforms for India’s District Courts', published by Simon & Schuster, India. In the last month, there have been two judgments from two different High Courts, which have shone a bright light on the unfortunate manner in which the independence of the district judiciary is being
- [Workers’ Rights in SEZs in India: A Legal Perspective on Exploitation and Protection Mechanisms](https://virtuositylegal.com/workers-rights-in-sezs-in-india-a-legal-perspective-on-exploitation-and-protection-mechanisms/) - A Special Economic Zone in a country is a specifically designated area established to promote positive economic development. It is usually subjected to different and conducive financial regulations as compared to the other regions in the country with relatively lower tax slabs and tariffs. The regulations intend to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and facilitate
- [Intersectionality In Carceral Spaces: Rights Of Women Prisoners In India](https://virtuositylegal.com/intersectionality-in-carceral-spaces-rights-of-women-prisoners-in-india/) - “A prison is a place of punishment, deterrence and reformation.”- Jeremy Bentham Prisons are often imagined as neutral spaces, maybe sites of punishment, rehabilitation, and legal accountability. However, in reality, they are deeply engraved with the unequal social fabric of the society that defines who is policed, prosecuted, and imprisoned. Women who belong particularly to
- [Intersecting Inequalities: Right to Education and Minority Identity in India's Legal Framework](https://virtuositylegal.com/intersecting-inequalities-right-to-education-and-minority-identity-in-indias-legal-framework/) - India's legal system is founded on constitutional morality and social justice, and is concerned with balancing competing claims of individual rights and collective identities. Education, as a constitutional right[i] brings together many facets of identity (caste, religion, gender, language, and socioeconomic status), making it a site of valuable reconciliation. This blog examines how intersectionality shapes
- [A Case for Recognizing Gendered Caste Discrimination under the ICERD and the Indian Law](https://virtuositylegal.com/a-case-for-recognizing-gendered-caste-discrimination-under-the-icerd-and-the-indian-law/) - A week before the whole world was about to celebrate the International Women’s Day, ironically with many people and national leaders in India even posting about it on social media, a court in Uttar Pradesh, released the three men accused of the brutal gang rape and murder of a 19-year-old Dalit girl in Hathras in
- [Justice Under Duress: The Imperative For Anti-Torture Legislation In India](https://virtuositylegal.com/justice-under-duress-the-imperative-for-anti-torture-legislation-in-india/) - Every year thousands suffer in silence behind closed doors, as those entrusted to protect become the perpetrators, shattering lives and undermining justice. As India prepares to celebrate more than 75 years of its Independence, a pressing question of human rights comes to the forefront: the persistent custodial torture and abuse in the national discourse. This
- [Straight from the 'Significant Lawyer': An Interview with Judge Duffey](https://virtuositylegal.com/straight-from-the-significant-lawyer-an-interview-with-judge-duffey/) - Judge William S. Duffey Jr., in conversation with Tanzeel Islam Khan, Co-founder, Virtuosity Legal #VL_Interviews Q.1 Your career spans private practice, high-profile federal prosecutions, and years on the bench. Which specific experiences convinced you that the profession needed the kind of course correction described in The Significant Lawyer? Recognizing our profession needed to course correct
- [The Demolishing Line of Professionalism: The “you don’t belong here” postsof LinkedIn | VL Postcards](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-demolishing-line-of-professionalism-the-you-dont-belong-here-postsof-linkedin-vl-postcards/) - VL Postcards is a Virtuosity Legal Op-Ed Initiative where we host voices from the fraternity on issues of contemporary relevance. Write to us at: editor@virtuositylegal.com To start with, let us all be honest, we have been witnessing and noticing a rise in informal posts on LinkedIn. As a user, I have, and I cannot, unfortunately
- [Passive Euthanasia in India: Toward a Streamlined, Technology Driven Protocol – With Reflections from the UK Experience | Justice K. Kannan writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/passive-euthanasia-in-india-toward-a-streamlined-technology-driven-protocol-with-reflections-from-the-uk-experience-justice-k-kannan-writes/) - Justice K. Kannan (Retd.), is a former HC Judge and author of the book: Medicine and Law, (2025) 2nd edn, Thomson Reuters. Available at: https://amzn.in/d/02RUSmj https://bharatlawhouse.in/… I. Introduction: Legal Foundations and Judicial Milestones India’s legal journey on end-of-life care has evolved gradually, beginning with cautious judicial forays into passive euthanasia and advancing toward the promise
- [The evolution of the Real Estate Market in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/evolvement-of-real-estate-market/) - Abstract The Indian Real Estate Market has been a volatile market that has seen ups and downs for one or the other reason. At times, it has seen situations where either the developer of a project is unable to complete the project on time or where even after completion, buyers are facing issues on account
- [Constitution as a Proponent of Women Empowerment in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/constitution-as-a-proponent-of-women-empowerment-in-india/) - The framers of our Constitution have incorporated certain provisions within the Constitution to ensure the enforcement of Fundamental Rights; the most important of which is the Right to Constitutional Remedies under Part III, which has been made a Fundamental Right. This is the most unique feature of our Constitution. A citizen has the right to
- [The United Nations Internal Justice System and its challenges | Judge Teresa Bravo writes](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-united-nations-internal-justice-system-and-its-challenges-judge-teresa-bravo-writes/) - Teresa Bravo is an Appeal's Court Judge, Former Judge of the UNDT and the Judge of Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal. International organizations enjoy jurisdictional immunity from member states, an essential instrument of their institutional autonomy, addressed at avoiding political interference in the execution of their mandates. These organizations have created internal justice systems which
- [Constitutional Disruptions And Institutional Amnesia: A Study Of India’s Democratic Fragility](https://virtuositylegal.com/constitutional-disruptions-and-institutional-amnesia-a-study-of-indias-democratic-fragility/) - Abstract “If I see the constitution being misused, I shall be the first to burn it.” This is a well-renowned quote from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, which incorporates the essence of possible misuse of the constitution and the chances of constitutional breakdowns. India is widely accepted as the largest among democracies and a country that incorporates
- [Financial Orders On Divorce: Should It Not Be A Win-Win Situation?](https://virtuositylegal.com/financial-orders-on-divorce-should-it-not-be-a-win-win-situation/) - The above-mentioned question suggests that normatively financial orders should strive towards ensuring that parties have neither gained nor lost financially as a result of the relationship. This is premised on the assumption that financial orders in fact in the first place, can ensure parity between parties. This assumption is sought to be challenged through this
- [Legal Dilemmas in Health Data Protection in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/legal-dilemmas-in-health-data-protection-in-india/) - Abstract Data protection has occupied a major space in legal discussions. This emerging field of law does not only guarantee the fundamental right to privacy as held in K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, but it also guarantees the evolution of this right. This evolution extends to the special treatment of health-related data of individuals.
- [Feminist Legal Theory and Reproductive Rights              ](https://virtuositylegal.com/feminist-legal-theory-and-reproductive-rights/) - “I do not wish women to have power over men, but over themselves” Mary Wollaston Crafts A feminist is someone who believes in equality and advocates for the social, political, and economic equality of sexes. Feminism is not limited to advocating for women’s rights but includes challenging the norms and structure that perpetuate gender-based inequality. Feminism supports
- [The Forest Amendment Act 2023: A Constitutional Challenge to Tribal Rights](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-forest-amendment-act-2023-a-constitutional-challenge-to-tribal-rights/) - Abstract The Forest Conservation Amendment Act, 2023, represents a fundamental shift in India's forest governance framework, transforming it from a conservation-focused regime to a development-facilitating mechanism that systematically excludes forest-dwelling communities from decision-making processes. This analysis examines how the Amendment's key provisions—territorial exemptions through arbitrary cut-off dates, blanket permissions for development activities, and expanded administrative
- [India’s Slow March Back to ADM Jabalpur](https://virtuositylegal.com/indias-slow-march-back-to-adm-jabalpur/) - 50 Years Later, What Have We Learned? This year marks the 50th anniversary of the National Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution. This 21-month period is often touted as the “blackest era” in India’s democratic history. During this phase, several constitutional provisions and laws such as the
- [Justice Deferred: The Quiet Crisis of India’s Dispute Resolution System | Adv. Talha Abdul Rahman writes for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/justice-deferred-the-quiet-crisis-of-indias-dispute-resolution-system-adv-talha-abdul-rahman-writes-for-virtuosity-legal/) - Justice in a democracy is not an optional service—it is a foundational promise. Yet, the Indian legal system today reflects a sobering contradiction: while there is abundant enthusiasm for alternatives like arbitration and specialized commercial courts, there is conspicuous neglect in strengthening the primary public system of dispute resolution. The result is a fragmented legal
- [Implications Of National Emergency On The Enforcement Of Article 19: A Constitutional Analysis](https://virtuositylegal.com/implications-of-national-emergency-on-the-enforcement-of-article-19-a-constitutional-analysis/) - The Indian Constitution, the supreme regulatory document in the country, provides its citizens with fundamental rights under Part III. Fundamental rights are a set of basic human rights that are essential for a person to live his/her life with dignity. While the constitution provides the citizens with these rights it also has made certain provisions
- [“Scandalising The Court”: A Colonial Relic In The 21st Century](https://virtuositylegal.com/scandalising-the-court-a-colonial-relic-in-the-21st-century/) - In the world’s largest democracy, the judiciary occupies a revered position as the sentinel of constitutional values. Yet, its enduring authority to punish for criminal contempt, particularly through the archaic and amorphous doctrine of “scandalising the court”, invites renewed scrutiny in 2025, a year marked by both institutional introspection and public unease. Under Section 2(c)(i)
- [Facial Recognition: A Crime Fighter or Civil Rights Threat?](https://virtuositylegal.com/facial-recognition-a-crime-fighter-or-civil-rights-threat/) - Abstract Facial recognition technology is rapidly being adopted by law enforcement agencies worldwide, including in India, to enhance criminal detection and surveillance. While it promises efficiency and accuracy in identifying suspects, its unchecked use raises grave concerns about privacy, misidentification, algorithmic bias, and a lack of legal safeguards. This article critically examines the dual nature
- [Can Crime Science Save the World?: Prof. Gloria Laycock, Professor Emeritus, University College London](https://virtuositylegal.com/can-crime-science-save-the-world-prof-gloria-laycock-professor-emeritus-university-college-london/) - This article presents the insights of Prof. Gloria Laycock, Professor Emeritus, University College London, in response to a series of questions posed by the Founders, Virtuosity Legal, on Crime Science and traditional Criminal Law#VL_Interviews Abstract This article briefly sets out some of the significant threats to our freedom and human rights, in the broadest sense,
- [Navigating the Field of Sports Law- An Interview with Adv. Akshay Sinha](https://virtuositylegal.com/navigating-the-field-of-sports-law-an-interview-with-adv-akshay-sinha/) - Mohd. Saad Akhtar (Project Manager, Virtuosity Legal), interviews Adv. Akshay Sinha on Sports Law.#VL_Interviews As the realm of global sports evolves rapidly - fueled by increasing commercialization, athlete activism, and international broadcasting - its legal dimensions have become more significant than ever. From disciplinary procedures and arbitration to privacy rights and doping regulations, sports law
- [Beyond the Game: Exploring the Global  Impact of Name, Image, and  Likeness Rights in Professional Sports- An Interview with Aditya Shankar, International Sports Lawyer](https://virtuositylegal.com/beyond-the-game-exploring-the-global-impact-of-name-image-and-likeness-rights-in-professional-sports-an-interview-with-aditya-shankar-international-sports-lawyer/) - Mohd. Saad Akhtar (Project Manager, Virtuosity Legal), interviews Aditya Shankar, International Sports Lawyer.#VL_Interviews Interviewee's note: As a disclaimer to the questions below, I consider it necessary to state that my responses are not to be considered as legal advice and is purely for information purposes. Such information is not case specific and is general in nature. Furthermore, as
- [Assessing Intricacy of Consumer Dispute Resolution Through Mediation](https://virtuositylegal.com/assessing-intricacy-of-consumer-dispute-resolution-through-mediation/) - The desire for timely, informal, and effective remedy has been the Raison d'être for the rise of Mediation. Despite consumer rights gaining momentum, justice to consumer has been hard to achieve therefore Consumer Protection Act, 2019, the applicable rules and Mediation Act, 2023 seek to address consumer concerns in a timely and informal manner so
- [Closing the Accountability Gap: Corporate Ecocide and the Imperative for International Legal Reform](https://virtuositylegal.com/closing-the-accountability-gap-corporate-ecocide-and-the-imperative-for-international-legal-reform/) - Ecocide, which refers to the widespread and severe destruction of the natural environment, has been condemned by the legal affairs committee, followed by the direction of travel by four previous consultative committees in the European Parliament. This is in line with the Independent Experts Panel’s (IEP) report which is run by the charitable group of
- [Nature’s Silent Suffering Amidst War’s Devastation](https://virtuositylegal.com/natures-silent-suffering-amidst-wars-devastation/) - “The birds sing because they know you’re safe.” Alina’s mother whispered these gentle words every night as she tucked her six-year-old daughter into bed, when she fell asleep every night to the sound of birdsong outside her bedroom window in Bucha, Ukraine. But one cold morning in February 2022, the birds were silent. Missiles screamed
- [Robot Authors, Human Laws: Can a Machine Hold Copyright?](https://virtuositylegal.com/robot-authors-human-laws-can-a-machine-hold-copyright/) - Introduction The article explores the thorny questions raised at large by the intersection between artificial intelligence and copyright, and by generative AI, in particular, to the extent that this much older idea of authorship is re-imagined thereby. In the current landscape of AI-composed literature, music, and visual arts, in which minimal human inputs are required, a
- [Emergency Arbitration In India: A Way Forward](https://virtuositylegal.com/emergency-arbitration-in-india-a-way-forward/) - “The law must be stable, but it must not stand still.”— Roscoe Pound Introduction These powerful words capture the very spirit of legal reform. In today’s fast-paced commercial landscape, the need for swift, enforceable, and efficient dispute resolution mechanisms has never been more pressing. Emergency arbitration has emerged as a crucial mechanism within the international
- [Why We Need To Teach More About ADR Competitions In Legal Education](https://virtuositylegal.com/why-we-need-to-teach-more-about-adr-competitions-in-legal-education/) - In the rapidly changing landscape of legal practice, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as an invaluable arena for law students and professionals to develop essential skills. While legal education traditionally focuses on litigation and courtroom proceedings, ADR competitions offer a unique opportunity for students to hone their abilities in areas that are becoming increasingly
- [Swades, Satellites, and Statutes: Why Indian Law Schools Need to Look Up](https://virtuositylegal.com/swades-satellites-and-statutes-why-indian-law-schools-need-to-look-up/) - Remember that moment in Swades when Mohan Bhargava, a NASA scientist, returns to India and helps electrify a village with a homemade hydro-turbine? It is the kind of cinematic nostalgia that still gives us goosebumps. However, beyond the emotional high, the film quietly asked a deeper question: what happens when bright minds trained in advanced
- [The Journey of Right to Information in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-journey-of-right-to-information-in-india/) - Right to Information (hereinafter RTI) can be referred to as a tool to ‘Empower the General Masses of the country. ‘It is a surprising fact that in such a vast country like India, which is also the world’s largest democracy, there was no any prescribed way through which the general public could access the information
- [Academic Freedom and the Politics of Time: Market, Nationalism, and Resistance in Indian Higher Education](https://virtuositylegal.com/academic-freedom-and-the-politics-of-time-market-nationalism-and-resistance-in-indian-higher-education/) - Academic freedom in contemporary India operates within a contested temporal-spatial framework where neoliberal market imperatives and Hindu nationalist agendas converge, constraining intellectual autonomy. This essay examines how competing chronotopes—time-space configurations that structure social relations—manifest in Indian higher education and how these temporal regimes shape academic labor. Drawing on Bakhtin’s theoretical concept, the analysis reveals how
- [E-Vulnerability: How Cybercrimes Are Entangling Youth As Both Victims and Perpetrators](https://virtuositylegal.com/e-vulnerability-how-cybercrimes-are-entangling-youth-as-both-victims-and-perpetrators/) - The importance of cybercrime, particularly through the Internet, has increased as computers have become indispensable to various sectors, such as government, entertainment, commerce, etc., which are made punishable by the Information Technology Act, 2000, or subject to penal liability under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. Cybercrime is the use of a computer to carry out
- [Spousal Rape: A Contemporary Understanding](https://virtuositylegal.com/spousal-rape-a-contemporary-understanding/) - In this article we look at two judgments related to the same sections of the Indian penal law namely, marital rape; one judgment from the High Court of Karnataka dated 23 March 2022,; being Writ Petition 48367 of 2018[i]; (clubbed with other petitions) and one from the High Court of Chhattisgarh, being CRA No. 891/2019
- [Crossing the Line: Legal Challenges and Solutions for Transboundary Environmental Harm](https://virtuositylegal.com/crossing-the-line-legal-challenges-and-solutions-for-transboundary-environmental-harm/) - Air does not respect any borders, travelling from one place to the other making transboundary air pollution a global crisis. The concept of transboundary air pollution spreads across the international boundaries causing massive issues, but in some countries, it is more harmful than others. Amidst all the global issues, international law experts have raised the
- [Climate Change and the Complexities of Migration and Immobility in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/climate-change-and-the-complexities-of-migration-and-immobility-in-india/) - In the wake of climate change, there in an increase in the use of the term “trapped population” and could be used as a policy tool.[i] However, the scholars also underscore the limitations and challenges of using this concept as a tool in the climate change policy discourse.[ii] The term “trapped” itself suggests that there
- [AI in Court: When Legal Tech Goes Rogue – Lessons from Mata v. Avianca](https://virtuositylegal.com/ai-in-court-when-legal-tech-goes-rogue-lessons-from-mata-v-avianca/) - The legal industry is undergoing a technological transformation, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging as a powerful tool for legal research, drafting, and case analysis. AI-driven platforms promise greater efficiency, reduced costs, and improved access to legal resources. These tools can quickly summarise case law, generate legal arguments, and assist in document preparation, tasks that traditionally
- [AI-Generated Green Inventions: Who Owns the IP for AI-Driven Sustainability Solutions?](https://virtuositylegal.com/ai-generated-green-inventions-who-owns-the-ip-for-ai-driven-sustainability-solutions/) - The growth of artificial intelligence (AI) as a self-governed change maker is bringing into question the established structures of IP law and Green innovations. AI systems come up with new sustainability issues, such as carbon capture technology and energy-efficient materials, that may eventually lead to a debate over the ownership of these technologies. Is AI
- [Gaza and the Global Crisis of International Law: A Legal Reckoning in an Age of Strategic Hypocrisy | Faisal Kutty writes for Virtuosity Legal](https://virtuositylegal.com/gaza-and-the-global-crisis-of-international-law-a-legal-reckoning-in-an-age-of-strategic-hypocrisy/) - The carnage in Gaza has not only shattered lives and landscapes but also exposed a seismic crisis in the global legal order. Far from being a remote regional conflict, Israel's war on Gaza has become a crucible for testing the very foundations of international law, humanitarian norms, and Western political credibility. The legal implications are
- [The DeepSeek Shakedown: Is it time for India to consider building such a model?](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-deepseek-shakedownis-it-time-for-india-to-consider-building-such-a-model/) - The DeepSeek Effect: DeepSeek has recently been hit by a cyber-attack. The tech giants often referred to as the "Magnificent Seven"—Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsoft, NVIDIA, and Tesla—are called magnificent not only because of their massive valuations and investments in artificial intelligence but also due to their dominance in the stock market. Together, these seven
- [Rethinking Virtuosity in Legal Education and Research in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence](https://virtuositylegal.com/rethinking-virtuosity-in-legal-education-and-research-in-the-age-of-generative-artificial-intelligence/) - Congratulations to Mahvish and her team for announcing ‘pursuit of excellence’ thereby rejecting the idea of ‘excellence without pursuit’ through “Virtuosity Legal” under the mentorship of Professor Khalid Shamim. Do we have virtuosity in general? Are we striving for virtuosity in legal education and research? Whether the ecosystem of legal education and research in
- [Right to Shelter: To be or not be?](https://virtuositylegal.com/right-to-shelter-to-be-or-not-be/) - In India, the Constitution is a living document which guarantees every citizen a bundle of rights which have been described under Part-III of the Constitution. It is the most important segment of the Constitution where certain rights, like equality, freedom to express and other connected rights have been guaranteed against any arbitrary state action. The
- [Free Speech and Internet Shutdown](https://virtuositylegal.com/free-speech-and-internet-shutdown/) - “If the freedom of speech is taken away then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter”[1] - George Washington This profound statement emphasizes the significance of free speech, a fundamental right that has been perpetually under siege by those in power. It highlights the dangers of suppressing free speech and
- [Micro And Small Enterprises: An Analysis Of The Remedies Available Under The MSMED Act, 2006](https://virtuositylegal.com/micro-and-small-enterprises-an-analysis-of-the-remedies-available-under-the-msmed-act2006/) - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises play a significant role in the economic growth of the country, and the Central Government has recognised this contribution in the Union Budget presented for 2025-2026, wherein the Government has introduced a series of measures to strengthen the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Sector.[1] Despite contributing significantly to the
- [Why spirituality matters for Criminal Jurisprudence- An Explanation](https://virtuositylegal.com/why-spirituality-matters-for-criminal-jurisprudence-an-explanation/) - The fascination with “spirituality” is a distinctive feature of our contemporary age[i]. "Spirituality" refers to an aspirational perspective on life's purpose and behavior. In a larger sense, this refers to lifestyles and behaviors that represent a vision of human existence and how the human self will reach full consciousness. "Spirituality" has been considered as a
- [Disownment in India: Legal Implications, Inheritance Rights, and Societal Perspectives](https://virtuositylegal.com/disownment-in-india-legal-implications-inheritance-rights-and-societal-perspectives/) - Merriam Webster defines the word ‘disown’ as a transitive verb2 which means to refuse to acknowledge something or someone as one’s own, repudiate any connection or identification with, or deny the validity or authority of the same, as such as, when a parent disowns their child, who has attained the age of majority, the parent essentially
- [Great Expectations: The Promise and Peril of AI In Intellectual Property](https://virtuositylegal.com/great-expectations-the-promise-and-peril-of-ai-in-intellectual-property/) - Artificial intelligence has fundamentally reshaped human existence, integrating seamlessly into daily activities that were once considered uniquely human. Today, AI drives cars, recommends movies, creates images, and even writes stories. These remarkable achievements beg the question: what is AI, and how has it achieved such a vast scope of capabilities? It is defined by the
- [Judicial Appointment: Conflict and Suggestions](https://virtuositylegal.com/judicial-appointment-conflict-and-suggestions/) - The conflict between the government and judiciary over the appointment of judges is not new to our democracy. The passing of the National Judicial Appointment Commission Act (the “NJAC”) in 2014 marked an intense confrontation between them. India has seen significant discontent over the manner of appointments of judges in higher judiciary. In October 2022, the
- [The Measure of Justice and the Question of Minority Rights in India](https://virtuositylegal.com/the-measure-of-justice-and-the-question-of-minority-rights-in-india/) - Before we delve into the discussion of rights of minorities in India, it is appropriate to understand what defines a minority. Internationally, there is no consensus upon the definition of a minority group. The United Nations has emphasized the rights of minorities and addressed the characteristics required for a group to be recognized as a

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- [Section 37](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-37/)
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- [Novartis AG v. Union of India](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/novartis-ag-v-union-of-india/)
- [Section 3](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-3/)
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- [GPU](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/gpu/)
- [BSA](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/bsa/)
- [Lalita Kumari v. State of UP](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/lalita-kumari-v-state-of-up/)
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- [Section 187 BNSS](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-187-bnss/)
- [Tonlong Konyak v. State of Assam](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/tonlong-konyak-v-state-of-assam/)
- [PWM](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/pwm/)
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- [Solid Waste Management 2016 Rules](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/solid-waste-management-2016-rules/)
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- [People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/peoples-union-for-democratic-rights-v-union-of-india/)
- [European Convention on Human Rights](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/european-convention-on-human-rights/)
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- [Judge Inquiry Act 1968](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/judge-inquiry-act-1968/)
- [K. Veeraswami v. Union of India](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/k-veeraswami-v-union-of-india/)
- [Non-human author](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/non-human-author/)
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- [Section 14](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-14/)
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- [T.K. Rangarajan v. Government of Tamil Nadu (2003)](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/t-k-rangarajan-v-government-of-tamil-nadu-2003/)
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- [Section 19](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-19/)
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- [dinner with friends](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/dinner-with-friends/)
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- [Discrimination](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/discrimination/)
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- [The Merchant of Venice](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/the-merchant-of-venice/)
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- [Consent](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/consent/)
- [Kamlapati v. State of West Bengal](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/kamlapati-v-state-of-west-bengal/)
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- [Sushant Rohilla](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/sushant-rohilla/)
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- [Sabarimala Case](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/sabarimala-case/)
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- [Essential Religious Practice](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/essential-religious-practice/)
- [Article 17](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/article-17/)
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- [Liberty](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/liberty/)
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- [Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam/)
- [33 percent](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/33-percent/)
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- [Article 82](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/article-82/)
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- [Digital Law Framework](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/digital-law-framework/)
- [Equally Protected Approach](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/equally-protected-approach/)
- [SUVAAS](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/suvaas/)
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- [Indra Sawhney v. Union of India and State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/indra-sawhney-v-union-of-india-and-state-of-kerala-v-n-m-thomas/)
- [Uniform Educational Standards](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/uniform-educational-standards/)
- [Critical Legal Studies theory](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/critical-legal-studies-theory/)
- [Article 15 (4)](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/article-15-4/)
- [ED](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/ed/)
- [Kavita G. Pillai vs The Joint Director](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/kavita-g-pillai-vs-the-joint-director/)
- [Section 24(a)](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-24a/)
- [Section 45](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-45/)
- [CLS](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/cls/)
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- [Article 19](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/article-19/)
- [Kaushal Kishore v. State of Uttar Pradesh](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/kaushal-kishore-v-state-of-uttar-pradesh/)
- [secction 167](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/secction-167/)
- [Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/satender-kumar-antil-v-cbi/)
- [personal liberty](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/personal-liberty/)
- [Prisons Act](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/prisons-act/)
- [TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/tma-pai-foundation-v-state-of-karnataka/)
- [section 63(4)(c)](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/section-634c/)
- [Best Interest Theory](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/best-interest-theory/)
- [Gummadi Usha Rani v. Sure Mallikarjuna Rao (2026)(](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/gummadi-usha-rani-v-sure-mallikarjuna-rao-2026/)
- [Technological Humility](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/technological-humility/)
- [moral burden](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/moral-burden/)
- [Decision making](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/decision-making/)
- [Transparency gap](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/transparency-gap/)
- [Sustainability](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/sustainability/)
- [Life Cycle Assessment](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/life-cycle-assessment/)
- [Shamsher Kataria v. Honda Siel Cars India Ltd.](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/shamsher-kataria-v-honda-siel-cars-india-ltd/)
- [E Waste Management](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/e-waste-management/)
- [Canada's bill C-244](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/canadas-bill-c-244/)
- [Lifestyle for Environment](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/lifestyle-for-environment/)
- [Chemical waste](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/chemical-waste/)
- [Environmental Jurisprudence](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/environmental-jurisprudence/)
- [Ecosystem](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/ecosystem/)
- [Public Trust Doctrine](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/public-trust-doctrine/)
- [SUPACE](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/supace/)
- [Draft](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/draft/)
- [ADM](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/adm/)
- [IT act 2000](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/it-act-2000/)
- [DPDP act 2023](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/dpdp-act-2023/)
- [GDPR](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/gdpr/)
- [IBC](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/ibc/)
- [Insolvency Professional Agencies](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/insolvency-professional-agencies/)
- [CIRP](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/cirp/)
- [Vidarbha Industries Power Limited v. Axis Bank Limited](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/vidarbha-industries-power-limited-v-axis-bank-limited/)
- [NCLT](https://virtuositylegal.com/tag/nclt/)

## Designations

- [Co-Founder](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/founder/)
- [Research Correspondent](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/research-correspondent/)
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- [Project Manager](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/project-manager/)
- [Media and Designs Associate](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/media-designs-associate/)
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- [Editor-in-Chief](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/editor-in-chief/)
- [Senior Editor](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/senior-editor/)
- [Patron](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/patron/)
- [Managing Editor](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/managing-editor/)
- [PR and Outreach Head- LinkedIn](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/pr-and-outreach-head-linkedin/)
- [Research Head](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/research-head/)
- [Operations Head](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/operations-head/)
- [Lead Student Editor](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_designation/lead-student-editor/)

## Department

- [Research and Analysis](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_department/research-and-analysis/)
- [Networking Media and Design](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_department/networking-media-and-design/)
- [PR and Outreach](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_department/pr-outreach/)
- [Mentorship](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_department/mentorship/)
- [Editorial Board](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_department/editorial-board/)
- [Operations and Management](https://virtuositylegal.com/team_department/operations-and-management/) - In Charge of Operations and Management at Virtuosity Legal